KPDS İNGİLİZCE DERS - 2

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KPDS İNGİLİZCE DERS 2: PHRASAL VERBS

A Introduction

In modern English it is very usual to place prepositions or adverbs after certain verbs so as to obtain a variety of meanings:

give away = give to someone/anyone
give up = abandon (a habit or attempt)
look after = take care of
look for = search for, seek
look out = beware

The learner need not try to decide whether the combination is verb + preposition or verb + adverb, but should consider the expression as a whole. It is also important to learn whether the combination is transitive (i.e. requires an object) or intransitive (i.e. cannot have an object): look for is transitive: I am looking for my passport. look out is intransitive: Look out! This ice isn't safe! Each of the combinations given in the following pages will be marked 'tr' (= transitive) or 'intr' (= intransitive), and the examples of the use of each will help to emphasize this distinction.

Note that it is possible for a combination to have two or more different meanings, and to be transitive in one/some of these and intransitive in others. For example, take off can mean 'remove'. It is then a transitive expression:

He took off his hat.

take off can also mean 'rise from the ground' (used of aircraft). Here it is intransitive: The plane took off at ten o'clock.

B Transitive expressions: the position of the object

Noun objects are usually placed at the end of these expressions: I am looking for my glasses.

With some expressions, however, they can be placed either at the end or immediately after the verb, i.e. before the short word. We can say: He took off his coat. or He took his coat off.

Pronoun objects are sometimes placed at the end of the expression: I am looking for them.

But they are more often placed immediately after the verb: He took it off.

This position is usual before the following short words: up, down, in, out, away, off and on (except when used in the expression call on = visit).

Examples given of the use of each expression will show all possible positions of noun or pronoun objects in the following way:

I'll give this old coat away. (give away this old coat/give it away) i.e. with this expression the noun object can come before or after the away; the pronoun object must come before the away. When only one example is given the learner may assume that the pronoun object has the same position as the noun object.

When these expressions are followed by a verb object the gerund form of the verb is used:

He kept on blowing his horn.

Where gerunds are usual this will be shown by examples. Note that some expressions can be followed by an infinitive: It is up to you to decide this for yourself.

Some of the younger members called on the minister to resign.
The lecturer set out to show that most illnesses were avoidable.