KPDS İNGİLİZCE DERS - 5

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KPDS İNGİLİZCE DERS 5: QUANTIFIERS

I. ALL, EACH, EVERY, BOTH, NEITHER, EITHER, SOME, ANY, NO, NONE

1 ALL, EACH, EVERY, EVERYONE, EVERYBODY, EVERYTHING

A all compared to every

• Technically, all means a number of people or things considered as a group while every means a number of people or things considered individually. But in practice every and its compounds are often used when we are thinking of a group.

B each (adjective and pronoun) and every (adjective)

• each means a number of persons or things considered individually. every can have this meaning but with every there is less emphasis on the individual.

Every man had a weapon means ‘All the men had weapons’, and implies that the speaker counted the men and the weapons and found that he had the same number of each.

Each man had a weapon implies that the speaker went to each man in turn and checked that he had a weapon.

• each is a pronoun and adjective: Each (man) knows what to do.

• every is an adjective only: Every man knows . . .

• each can be used of two or more persons or things, and is normally used of small numbers, every is not normally used of very small numbers.

• Both take a singular verb. The possessive adjective is his/her/its.

C everyone/everybody and everything (pronouns)

• everyone/everybody + singular verb is normally preferred to all (the) people + plural verb, i.e. we say Everyone is ready instead of All the people are ready. There is no difference between everyone and everybody.

• everything is similarly preferred to all (the) things, i.e. we say Everything has been wasted instead of All the things have been wasted. The expressions all (the) people, all (the) things are possible when followed by a phrase or clause: All the people in the room clapped.

I got all the things you asked for.

• Otherwise they are rarely used.

II. BOTH

• both means ‘one and the other’. It takes a plural verb. both can be used alone or followed by a noun: Both (doors) were open. or

• by (of) + the/these/those or possessives: both (of) the wheels both (of) your wheels

• or by of + us/you/them: Both of us knew him.

• A personal pronoun + both is also possible: We both knew him.

• both . . . and ., . . can be used to emphasize a combination of two adjectives, nouns, verbs etc.:

It was both cold and wet. He is both an actor and a director. He both acts and directs.

III. ALL/BOTH/EACH + OF AND ALTERNATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS

A all (pronoun) can be followed by of + the/this/these/that/those/possessives and proper nouns.

• both (pronoun) + of can be used similarly but with plural forms only. The of here is often omitted especially with all + a singular noun/pronoun:

all the town all (of) Tom’s boys
all his life both (of) the towns
all (of) these both (of) his parents

B With all/both + of + personal pronoun the of cannot be omitted:

all of it both of them

• But there is an alternative construction, personal pronoun + all/both:

all of it is replaceable by it all. all of us = we all (subject), us all (object).
all of you is replaceable by you all. all of them = they all (subject), them all (object).

• Similarly:

both of us = we both or us both both of you = you both
both of them = they both or them both All of them were broken = They were all broken.
All/Both of us went = We all/both went. We ate all/both the cakes.
We ate all/both of them. We ate them all/both.

C When one of these pronoun + all/both combinations is the subject of a compound tense the auxiliary verb usually precedes all/both: We are all waiting. You must both help me.

• be is also placed before all/both except when it is used in short answers etc.:

We are all/both ready. but Who is ready? ~ We all are/We both are.

• Other auxiliaries used alone and simple tenses of ordinary verbs follow all/both:

You all have maps. They both knew where to go.

D each, like both, can be followed by of + these/those etc. (plural forms only). The of here cannot be omitted: each of the boys each of these

• each of us/you/them can, however, be replaced by pronoun + each: each of you = you each

each of us = we each (subject), us each (indirect object)
each of them = they each (subject), them each (indirect object)
We each sent in a report.
They gave us each a form to fill in.

• Note that each of us/you/them is singular: Each of us has a map.

• But we/you/they each is plural: We each have a map.

• Verbs used with we/you/they each follow the patterns given in C above for all and both:

They have each been questioned.

IV. NEITHER, EITHER

1 neither means ‘not one and not the other’. It takes an affirmative singular verb. It can be used by itself or followed by a noun or by of + the/these/those/possessives or personal pronouns:

(a) I tried both keys but neither (of them) worked.
(b) Neither of them knew the way/Neither boy knew . . .
(c) I’ve read neither of these (books).

2 either means ‘any one of two’. It takes a singular verb and, like neither, can be used by itself or followed by a noun/pronoun or by of + the/these/those etc.

3 either + negative verb can replace neither + affirmative except when neither is the subject of a verb. So either could not be used in (a) or (b) above but could in (c): I haven’t read either of these (books).

• Though either cannot be the subject of a negative verb, it can be subject or object of an affirmative or interrogative verb: Either (of these) would do. Would you like either of these?

4 Pronouns and possessive adjectives with neither/either used of people should technically be he/him, she/her and his/her, but in colloquial English the plural forms are generally used:

Neither of them knows the way, do they? Neither of them had brought their passports.

B neither . . . nor, either … or

• neither . . . nor + affirmative verb is an emphatic way of combining two negatives:

(a) Neither threats nor arguments had any effect on him.
(b) They said the room was large and bright but it was neither large nor bright.
(c) He neither wrote nor phoned.

• either … or + negative verb can replace neither . . . nor except when neither . . . nor is the subject of a verb, as in (a) above. So:

(b) … but it wasn’t either large or bright and
(c) He didn’t either write or phone.

• either … or cannot be the subject of a negative verb but can be the subject or object of affirmative or interrogative verbs and is used in this way to express alternatives emphatically:

You can have either soup or fruit juice. (not both)
You must either go at once or wait till tomorrow.
It’s urgent, so could you either phone or telex?

V. SOME, ANY, NO AND NONE (ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS)

1 some and any mean ‘a certain number or amount’. They are used with or instead of plural or uncountable nouns. (For some/any with singular nouns, see C below.) some is a possible plural form of a/an and one: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/some dates.

• some, any and none can be used with of + the/this/these/those/ possessives/personal pronouns:

Some of the staff can speak Japanese. Did any of your photos come out well?

2 some is used:

• With affirmative verbs: They bought some honey.

• In questions where the answer ‘yes’ is expected: Did some of you sleep on the floor? (I expect so.)

• In offers and requests: Would you like some wine?

Could you do some typing for me? (See also C.)

3 any is used:

• With negative verbs: I haven’t any matches.

• With hardly, barely, scarcely (which are almost negatives): I have hardly any spare time.

• With without when without any . . . = with no . . . :

He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/with no difficulty.

• With questions except the types noted above: Have you got any money? Did he catch any fish?

• After if/whether and in expressions of doubt: If you need any more money, please let me know.

I don’t think there is any petrol in the tank. (See also C.)

B no (adjective) and none (pronoun)

• no and none can be used with affirmative verbs to express a negative:

I have no apples. I had some last year but I have none this year.

• no + noun can be the subject of a sentence: No work was done. No letter(s) arrived.

• none as the subject is possible but not very usual: We expected letters, but none came.

• none + of, however, is quite usual as subject: None of the tourists wanted to climb the mountain.

C some or any used with singular, countable nouns

• some here usually means ‘an unspecified or unknown:
Some idiot parked his car outside my garage.

• or other can be added to emphasize that the speaker isn’t very interested:

He doesn’t believe in conventional medicine; he has some remedy or other of his own.

• any can mean ‘practically every’, ‘no particular (one): Any book about riding will tell you how to saddle a horse.

Any dictionary will give you the meaning of these words.

VI. SOMEONE, SOMEBODY, SOMETHING, ANYONE, ANYBODY, ANYTHING, NO ONE, NOBODY, NOTHING

A Compounds with some, any and no follow the above rules:

Someone wants to speak to you on the phone.
Someone/Somebody gave me a ticket for the pop concert.
No one/Nobody has ever given me a free ticket for anything.
Do you want anything from the chemist?
Would anyone/anybody like a drink?

• Note also: I drink anything = I don’t mind what I drink.

Anyone will tell you where the house is.

B someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody can be possessive:

Someone’s passport has been stolen.
Is this somebody’s/anybody’s seat?
I don’t want to waste anyone’s time.

C Pronouns and possessive adjectives with someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, everyone, everybody

• These expressions have a singular meaning and take a singular verb so personal pronouns and possessive adjectives should logically be he/she, him/her, his/her. However in colloquial English plural forms are more common: Has anyone left their luggage on the train?

No one saw Tom go out, did they?

• But with something, anything, nothing we still use it: Something went wrong, didn’t it?

VII. ELSE PLACED AFTER SOMEONE/ANYBODY/NOTHING ETC.

A someone/somebody/something, anyone/anybody/anything, no one/nobody/nothing, everyone/everybody/everything and the adverbs somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere can
be followed by else:

someone else/somebody else = some other person
anyone else/anybody else = any other person
no one else/nobody else = no other person
everyone else/everybody else = every other person
something else = some other thing

I’m afraid I can’t help you. You’ll have to ask someone else. ~ There isn’t anyone else/There’s no one else to ask.

• else used with adverbs: somewhere else = in/at/to some other place

anywhere else = in/at/to any other place nowhere else = in/at/to no other place

Are you going anywhere else?

B someone/somebody, anyone/anybody, no one/nobody + else can be possessive:

I took someone else’s coat. Was anyone else’s luggage opened?
No one else’s luggage was opened.

VIII. ANOTHER, OTHER, OTHERS WITH ONE AND SOME

A another, other, others

Adjective Pronoun
Singular Plural another other another others

Have you met Bill’s sisters? ~ I’ve met one I didn’t know he had another (sister). ~ Oh, he has two others/two other sisters.

B one . . . another/other (s), some . . . other (s)

One student suggested a play, another (student)/other students/others wanted a concert.
Some tourists/Some of the tourists went on the beach; others explored the town.

C one another and each other

Tom and Ann looked at each other. = Tom looked at Ann and Ann looked at Tom.

• Both one another and each other can be used of two or more, but each other is frequently preferred when there are more than two.